# GHK-Cu: A Reviewed Readout of the Copper-Peptide Research

> GHK-Cu stimulated fibroblast collagen at picomolar concentrations and raised procollagen in 70% of treated subjects versus 40% for retinoic acid. The published GHK-Cu research, reviewed and shipped with its sources.

A scannable readout of the published GHK-Cu literature — the strongest skin and collagen findings forward, every quantitative claim cited, and the honest gaps shipped alongside as gaps.

## What this review covers

GHK-Cu raised procollagen synthesis in 70% of treated subjects, against 50% for vitamin C and 40% for retinoic acid in the same comparison [3]. In fibroblast cultures it switched on collagen synthesis at concentrations as low as 10^-12 M, peaking near 10^-9 M, with no change in cell number [1]. Those two numbers frame the whole GHK-Cu file: a small endogenous tripeptide with a documented, dose-specific effect on the skin's matrix machinery.

This is a review of the published research, not a product page. GHK-Cu — the GHK copper peptide, labeled **Copper Tripeptide-1** on a skincare ingredient list — is glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine bound to copper(II), molecular weight 402.92 Da [6]. The site reads the literature the way a product readout presents a feature set: the established findings forward, each one tied to a specific study, and the places where the data stops marked plainly rather than papered over.

The research record is unusually numeric for a research peptide, which is why a readout format fits it. Copper coordination is required for most documented activity — the free peptide alone does not reproduce the copper form's matrix effects in fibroblast cultures [6]. From there the file branches into [copper peptide skin research](/copper-peptide-skin), [documented copper peptide benefits](/copper-peptide-benefits), and the [GHK-Cu research findings](/research) on hair, wound repair, and gene expression. Every figure on this site resolves to a numbered citation; nothing here is sold, prescribed, or dispensed.

## GHK-Cu, the GHK Copper Peptide: What It Is

GHK-Cu is the glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper(II) complex — a naturally occurring tripeptide that chelates a single copper ion and acts as both a copper carrier and a signaling molecule [6]. It is present in human plasma, saliva, and urine, and was first isolated by Loren Pickart in 1973 as a plasma factor that prompted aged human liver tissue to synthesize protein like younger tissue [3]. Plasma GHK declines with age, from roughly 200 ng/mL near age 20 to about 80 ng/mL by age 60 [3].

The GHK sequence is not synthetic in origin: it occurs endogenously within the alpha-2(I) chain of type I collagen, so injured tissue that breaks down collagen liberates GHK locally [1]. In research models the copper complex directly stimulates dermal fibroblasts to synthesize collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, supports angiogenic wound repair, and acts as a copper chaperone with antioxidant activity [6]. The structure is a 1:1 chelate with a very high copper stability constant, log K around 16.4, which limits release of free, reactive copper.

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A product-readout of the GHK-Cu research, every claim shipped with its source and every gap flagged in plain view — no clinic behind the panel and nothing here on sale.